Франція. Du Contrat Social

 

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1762),

 

Du Contrat Social

ou Principes du droit politique

 

 

AVERTISSEMENT

 

Ce petit traité est extrait d'un ouvrage plus étendu, entrepris autrefois sans avoir consulté mes forces, et abandonné depuis longtemps. Des divers morceaux qu'on pouvait tirer de ce qui était fait, celui-ci est le plus considérable, et m'a paru le moins indigne d'être offert au public. Le reste n'est déjà plus.

 

 

Du contrat social ou Principes du droit politique

LIVRE 1

 

 

Retour à la table des matières

 

Je yeux chercher si, dans l'ordre civil, il peut y avoir quelque règle d'admi¬nis¬tration légitime et sûre, en prenant les hommes tels 'qu'ils sont, et les lois telles qu'elles peuvent être. Je tâcherai d'allier toujours, dans cette recherche, ce que le droit permet avec ce que l'intérêt prescrit, afin que la justice et l'utilité ne se trouvent point divisées.

 

J'entre en matière sans prouver l'importance de mon sujet. On me deman¬dera si je suis prince ou législateur pour écrire sur la politique. Je réponds que non, et que c'est pour cela que j'écris sur la politique. Si j’étais prince ou législateur, je ne perdrais pas mon temps à dire ce qu'il faut faire; je le ferais, ou je me tairais.

 

Né citoyen d'un État libre, et membre du souverain, quelque faible influence que puisse avoir ma voix dans les affaires publiques, le droit d'y voter suffit pour m'imposer le devoir de m'en instruire: heureux, toutes les fois que je médite sur les gouvernements, de trouver toujours dans mes recherches de nouvelles raisons d'aimer celui de mon pays!

 

 

Chapitre 1.1

Sujet de ce premier livre

 

 

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L'homme est né libre, et partout il est dans les fers, Tel se croit le maître des autres, qui ne laisse pas d'être plus esclave qu'eux. Comment ce changement s'est-il fait? Je l'ignore. Qu’est-ce qui peut le rendre légitime? Je crois pouvoir résoudre cette question.

 

Si je ne considérais que la force et l'effet qui en dérive, je dirais: «Tant qu'un peuple est contraint d'obéir et qu'il obéit, il fait bien; sitôt qu'il peut secouer le joug, et qu'il le secoue, il fait encore mieux: car, recouvrant sa liberté par le même droit qui la lui a ravie, ou il est fondé à la reprendre, ou on ne l’était point à la lui ôter». Mais l'ordre social est un droit sacré qui sert de base à tous les autres. Cependant, ce droit ne vient point de la nature; il est donc fondé sur des conventions. Il s'agit de savoir quelles sont ces conventions. Avant d'en venir là, je dois établir ce que je viens d'avancer.

 

 

Chapitre 1.2

Des premières sociétés

 

 

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La plus ancienne de toutes les sociétés, et la seule naturelle, est celle de la famille: encore les enfants ne restent-ils liés au père qu'aussi longtemps qu'ils ont besoin de lui pour se conserver. Sitôt que ce besoin cesse, le lien naturel se dissout. Les enfants, exempts de l'obéissance qu'ils devaient au père; le père, exempt des soins qu'il devait aux enfants, rentrent tous également dans l'indépendance. S'ils continuent de rester unis, ce n'est plus naturellement, c'est volontairement; et la famille elle-même ne se maintient que par convention.

 

Cette liberté commune est une conséquence de la nature de l'homme. Sa première loi est de veiller à sa propre conservation, ses premiers soins sont ceux qu'il se doit à lui-même; et sitôt qu'il est en âge de raison, lui seul étant juge des moyens propres à le conserver, devient par là son propre maître.

 

La famille est donc, si l'on veut, le premier modèle des sociétés politiques: le chef est l'image du père, le peuple est l'image des enfants; et tous, étant nés égaux et libres, n'aliènent leur liberté que pour leur utilité. Toute la différence est que, dans la famille, l'amour du père pour ses enfants le paye des soins qu'il leur rend; et que, dans l'État, le plaisir de commander supplée à cet amour que le chef n'a pas pour ses peuples.

 

Grotius nie que tout pouvoir humain soit établi en faveur de ceux qui sont gouvernés: il cite l'esclavage en exemple. Sa plus constante manière de raisonner est d'établir toujours le droit par le fait (a). On pourrait employer une méthode plus conséquente, mais non plus favorable aux tyrans.

 

Il est donc douteux, selon Grotius, si le genre humain appartient à une centaine d'hommes, ou si cette centaine d'hommes appartient au genre humain: et il paraît, dans tout son livre, pencher pour le premier avis: c'est aussi le sentiment de Hobbes. Ainsi voilà l'espèce humaine divisée en troupeaux de bétail, dont chacun a son chef, qui le garde pour le dévorer.

 

Comme un pâtre est d'une nature supérieure à celle de son troupeau, les pasteurs d'hommes, qui sont leurs chefs, sont aussi d'une nature supérieure à celle de leurs peuples. Ainsi raisonnait, au rapport de Philon, l'empereur Caligula, concluant assez bien de cette analogie que les rois étaient des dieux, ou que les peuples étaient des bêtes.

 

Le raisonnement de ce Caligula revient à celui de Hobbes et de Grotius. Aristote, avant eux tous, avait dit aussi que les hommes ne sont point naturellement égaux, mais que les uns naissent pour l'esclavage et les autres pour la domination.

 

Aristote avait raison; mais il prenait l'effet pour la cause. Tout homme né dans l'esclavage naît pour l'esclavage, rien n'est plus certain. Les esclaves perdent tout dans leurs fers, jusqu'au désir d'en sortir; ils aiment leur servitude comme les compagnons d'Ulysse aimaient leur abrutissement (b). S'il y a donc, des esclaves par nature, c'est parce qu'il y a eu des esclaves contre nature. La force a fait les premiers esclaves, leur lâcheté les a perpétués.

 

Je n'ai rien dit du roi Adam, ni de, l'empereur Noé, père de trois grands monarques qui se partagèrent l'univers, comme firent les enfants de Saturne, qu'on a cru reconnaître en eux. J'espère qu'on me saura gré de cette modération; car, descendant directement de l'un de ces princes, et peut-être de la branche aînée, que sais-je si, par la vérification des titres, je ne me trouverais point le légitime roi du genre humain? Quoi qu'il en soit, on ne peut disconvenir qu'Adam. n'ait été souverain du monde, comme Robinson de son île, tant qu'il en fut le seul habitant, et ce qu'il y avait de commode dans cet empire était que le monarque, assuré sur son trône, n'avait à craindre ni rébellion, ni guerres, ni conspirateurs.

 

 

Chapitre 1.3

Du droit du plus fort

 

 

 

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Le plus fort n'est jamais assez fort pour être toujours le maître, s'il ne transforme sa force en droit, et l'obéissance en devoir. De là le droit du plus fort; droit pris ironiquement en apparence, et réellement établi en principe. Mais ne nous expliquera-t-on jamais ce mot? La force est une puissance physique; je ne vois point quelle moralité peut résulter de ses effets. Céder à la force est un acte de nécessité, non de volonté; c'est tout au plus un acte de prudence. En quel sens pourra-ce être un devoir?

 

Supposons un moment ce prétendu droit. Je dis qu'il n'en résulte qu'un galimatias inexplicable; car, sitôt que c'est la force qui fait le droit, l'effet change avec la cause: toute force qui surmonte la première succède à son droit. Sitôt qu'on peut désobéir impunément, on le peut légitimement; et, puisque le plus fort a toujours raison, il ne s'agit que de faire en sorte qu'on soit le plus fort. Or, qu'est-ce qu'un droit qui périt quand la force cesse? S'il faut obéir par force, on n'a pas besoin d'obéir par devoir; et si l'on n'est plus forcé d'obéir, on n'y est plus obligé. On voit donc que ce mot de droit n'ajoute rien à la force; il ne signifie ici rien du tout.

 

Obéissez aux puissances. Si cela veut dire: Cédez à la force, le précepte est bon, mais superflu; je réponds qu'il ne sera jamais violé. Toute puissance vient de Dieu, je l'avoue; mais toute maladie en vient aussi: est-ce à dire qu'il soit défendu d'appeler le médecin? Qu'un brigand me surprenne au coin d'un bois, non seulement il faut par force donner sa bourse; mais, quand je pourrais la soustraire, suis-je en conscience obligé de la donner? Car, enfin, le pistolet qu'il tient est une puissance.

 

Convenons donc que force ne fait pas droit, et qu'on n'est obligé d'obéir qu'aux puissances légitimes. Ainsi ma question primitive revient toujours.

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