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Іспанія. Crónica de una muerte anunciada

Prólogo

Santiago Gamboa

Hace un par de años, en su casa de Bogotá, al frente del Parque de la 88, le pregunté a García Márquez si nunca había sentido la tentación de escribir una novela negra. «Ya la escribí -me dijo-, esCrónica de una muerte anunciada.» Afuera, sobre el césped verde, amos y perros daban el paseo del mediodía bajo un sol radiante, raro en Bogotá para el mes de febrero. «Lo que sucede es que yo no quise que el lector empezara por el final para ver si se cometía el crimen o no -continuó diciendo-, así que decidí ponerlo en la frase inicial del libro.» Era la primera vez que veía a García Márquez. Yo hiabía aprendido a amar la literatura por haber leído, entre otras cosas, sus novelas. Estaba muy emocionado escuchándolo. «De este modo agregó- la gente descansa de la intriga y puede dedicarse a leer con calma qué fine lo que pasó. » Dicho esto enumeró una larga serie de historias de género negro en la literatura y concluyó que su preferida era Edipo Rey, de Sófocles: «Porque al final uno descubre que el detective y el asesino son la misma persona». A García Márquez le gusta hablar de literatura. Quedan pocos escritores a los que les guste hablar de literatura.

PeroCrónica de una muerte anunciada es, sobre todo, una exacta y eficaz pieza de relojería. Los hechos que rodean la muerte de Santiago Nasar, en la madrugada siguiente al fallido matrimonio de Bayardo San Román con Ángela Vicario, van siendo reconstruidos uno a uno por el narrador, agregando cada vez, con los testimonios de los protagonistas, la información necesaria para que el muro se levante en equilibrio, la curiosidad del lector quede azuzada y se forme una ambiciosa historia coral, nutrida de múltiples voces. Las voces de todos aquellos que, años después, recuerdan, confiesan u ocultan algún detalle nuevo del crimen, algún matiz que completa la tragedia. Porque al fin y al cabo Crónica de una muerte anunciada es también una tragedia moderna. Los personajes son empujados a la acción por fuerzas que no controlan. Los hermanos Vicario, los asesinos, se ven obligados a cumplir un destino, que es el de lavar la honra de su hermana, matando a Santiago Nasar. Pero ninguno de los dos quiere hiacerlo, y, como dice el narrador, «hicieron mucho más de lo que era imaginable para que alguien les impidiera matarlo, y no lo consiguieron». El coronel Aponte, el alcalde, alertado por las voces, los desarma; pero es inútil, pues es demasiado temprano y los hermanos tienen tiempo de reponer con desgano los cuchillos. Clotilde Armenta, la propietaria de la tienda donde los Vicario esperan el amanecer, llega incluso a sentir lástima por ellos y le suplica al alcalde que los detenga, «para librar a esos pobres muchachos del horrible compromiso que les ha caído encima». Algo más fuerte que la voluntad de los hombres mueve los hilos. Los vecinos de la familia Nasar, y en realidad todo el pueblo, saben que Santiago va a ser asesinado e intentan avisarle, pero ninguna de las estafetas llega a su destino. Deslizan por debajo de la puerta una nota que nadie ve. Se envían razones con pordioseros que llegan tarde, y muchos, al ver que es una muerte tan anunciada, no hacen nada simplemente porque no les parece posible que el propio Nasar o su madre no lo sepan ya y no hayan previsto algo para evitarlo. La madre del narrador es una de las que sí cree que debe hacer algo, y entonces se viste para salir a alertar a la mamá de Santiago Nasar; pero antes tiene esta extraordinaria conversación con su marido, quien le pregunta adónde va:

A prevenir a mi comadre Plácida -contestó ella-. No es justo que todo el mundo sepa que le van a matar el hijo, y que ella sea la única que no lo sabe.

-Tenemos tantos vínculos con ella como con los Vicario -dijo mi padre.

-Hay que estar siempre del lado del muerto -dijo ella.

Pero cuando sale a la calle le dicen que ya lo mataron. Y así, todos los que quieren prevenir la muerte son cuidadosamente apartados: sus mensajes no llegan. En realidad, el único en todo el pueblo que no sabe del crimen es la propia víctima, perdido entre otras cosas por el cambio en los hábitos diarios que supone, muy de mañana, la visita de un obispo que ni siquiera puso el pie en el puerto y que los bendijo desde el barco, alejándose entre resoplidos de vapor. Si en esas lejanías del Trópico se castigara como delito la «no asistencia apersona en peligro», habría que meter a la cárcel a todo el pueblo, incluidos el cura y el alcalde. Crónica de una muerte anunciada es, por lo demás, una joya rara en la obra de García Márquez, pues es él mismo quien relata la historia en primera persona. El «yo» inquietante que desde el principio reconstruye los hechos se va reconociendo en el autor hasta descubrirse del todo, pues dice: «Muchos sabían que en la inconsciencia de la parranda le propuse a Mercedes Barcha que se casara conmigo, cuando apenas había terminado la escuela primaria, tal como ella misma me lo recordó cuando nos casamos catorce años después». Mercedes Barcha es la «Gaba», así le dicen sus más íntimos amigos. De este modo el título del libro se acaba de llenar de sentido: no sólo es una muerte anunciada, sino que además se trata de una crónica, en el mejor estilo periodístico. García Márquez, el cronista, cita las fuentes de cada información precisando el origen, sin que nada quede al azar de la imaginación. Y es aquí en donde el libro adquiere su máxima precisión de relojería suiza. Las fronteras de la crónica periodística y de la literatura se disuelven y ningún dato queda suelto, nada de lo narrado aparece sin una previa justificación. La costa atlántica colombiana, por los años en que se publicó esta novela, era aún vista desde la capital del país como algo remoto, y en esa mirada había ínfulas de superioridad y de arrogancia justificadas sólo por el hecho de que en Bogotá estaban los edificios grecorromanos del Capitolio y el Palacio Presidencial. Esa costa, y lo costeño -llamado despectivamente «corroncho» por los del interior-, con su mezcla de tradiciones caribes, hispanas, negras y árabes, era acusada de ser la madre de todos los vicios, la república de la pereza, de la corrupción, del nepotismo, del machismo y del trago, de la irresponsabilidad, en fin, de todo lo negativo, mientras que Bogotá, con su rancia aristocracia, se consideraba a sí misma la Atenas de América, la cuna de la cultura y la elegancia, el Londres de los Andes. Pero hoy al cabo de dos décadas, la cultura de esa proscrita costa atlántica, en la que se inscribe este libro y casi toda la obra de García Márquez, es una de las pocas cosas que a los colombianos nos permite paliar las vergьenzas que ocasionan, en la acartonada capital, esos dos presuntuosos edificios grecorromanos. No recuerdo cuándo leí por primera vez esta Crónica de una muerte anunciada, pero sé que fue en Bogotá, hiace ya más de quince años, recuerdo, eso sí, el extraño y sobrecogedor efecto que me llevó a desear, en cada página, que alguien detuviera a los hermanos Vicario, que se evitara esa muerte absurda que los condenaba a todos. Pero la muerte ya estaba anunciada; y aún hoy, al releerlo, vuelvo a sentir que es posible, en medio de la tragedia, que los cuchillos no alcancen a Santiago, que alguno de los mensajeros llegue a tiempo y él escape, que la puerta de su casa se abra. Y no sucede. Santiago Nasar vuelve a morir. Me pregunto si los lectores de este libro, dentro de doscientos o trescientos años, desearán lo mismo al leer sus páginas. Quizás sí. Lo que es seguro es que Santiago Nasar y su muerte anunciada serán en ese entonces una de las pocas cosas de nuestra época que aún estarán vivas.

La caza del amor es altanería

VICENTE GIL

Gabriel García Márquez

El día en que lo iban a matar, Santiago Nasar se levantó a las 5.30 de la mañana para esperar el buque en que llegaba el obispo. Había soñado que atravesaba un bosque de higuerones donde caía una llovizna tierna, y por un instante fue feliz en el sueño, pero al despertar se sintió por completo salpicado de cagada de pájaros. «Siempre soñaba con árboles», me dijo Plácida Linero, su madre, evocando 27 años después los pormenores de aquel lunes ingrato. «La semana anterior había soñado que iba solo en un avión de papel de estaño que volaba sin tropezar por entre los almendros», me dijo. Tenía una reputación muy bien ganada de interprete certera de los sueños ajenos, siempre que se los contaran en ayunas, pero no había advertido ningún augurio aciago en esos dos sueños de su hijo, ni en los otros sueños con árboles que él le había contado en las mañanas que precedieron a su muerte.

Tampoco Santiago Nasar reconoció el presagio. Había dormido poco y mal, sin quitarse la ropa, y despertó con dolor de cabeza y con un sedimento de estribo de cobre en el paladar, y los interpretó como estragos naturales de la parranda de bodas que se había prolongado hasta después de la media noche. Más aún: las muchas personas que encontró desde que salió de su casa a las 6.05 hasta que fue destazado como un cerdo una hora después, lo recordaban un poco soñoliento pero de buen humor, y a todos les comentó de un modo casual que era un día muy hermoso. Nadie estaba seguro de si se refería al estado del tiempo. Muchos coincidían en el recuerdo de que era una mañana radiante con una brisa de mar que llegaba a través de los platanales, como era de pensar que lo fuera en un buen febrero de aquella época. Pero la mayoría estaba de acuerdo en que era un tiempo fúnebre, con un cielo turbio y bajo y un denso olor de aguas dormidas, y que en el instante de la desgracia estaba cayendo una llovizna menuda como la que había visto Santiago Nasar en el bosque del sueño. Yo estaba reponiéndome de la parranda de la boda en el regazo apostólico de María Alejandrina Cervantes, y apenas si desperté con el alboroto de las campanas tocando a rebato, porque pensé que las habían soltado en honor del obispo.

Santiago Nasar se puso un pantalón y una camisa de lino blanco, ambas piezas sin almidón, iguales a las que se había puesto el día anterior para la boda. Era un atuendo de ocasión. De no haber sido por la llegada del obispo se habría puesto el vestido de caqui y las botas de montar con que se iba los lunes a El Divino Rostro, la hacienda de ganado que heredó de su padre, y que él administraba con muy buen juicio aunque sin mucha fortuna. En el monte llevaba al cinto una 357 Magnum, cuyas balas blindadas, según él decía, podían partir un caballo por la cintura. En época de perdices llevaba también sus aperos de cetrería. En el armario tenía además un rifle 30.06 Mannlicher-Schonauer, un rifle 300 Holland Magnum, un 22 Hornet con mira telescópica de dos poderes, y una Winchester de repetición. Siempre dormía como durmió su padre, con el arma escondida dentro de la funda de la almohada, pero antes de abandonar la casa aquel día le sacó los proyectiles y la puso en la gaveta de la mesa de noche. «Nunca la dejaba cargada», me dijo su madre. Yo lo sabía, y sabía además que guardaba las armas en un lugar y -escondía la munición en otro lugar muy apartado, de modo que nadie cediera ni por casualidad a la tentación de cargarlas dentro de la casa. Era una costumbre sabia impuesta por su padre desde una mañana en que una sirvienta sacudió la almohada para quitarle la funda, y la pistola se disparó al chocar contra el

Gabriel García Márquez

suelo, y la bala desbarató el armario del cuarto, atravesó la pared de la sala, * pasó con un estruendo de guerra por el comedor de la casa vecina y convirtió en polvo de yeso a un santo de tamaño natural en el altar mayor de la iglesia, al otro extremo de la plaza. Santiago Nasar, que entonces era muy niño, no olvidó nunca la lección de aquel percance.

La última imagen que su madre tenía de él era la de su paso fugaz por el dormitorio. La había despertado cuando trataba de encontrar a tientas una aspirina en el botiquín del baño, y ella encendió la luz y lo vio aparecer en la puerta con el vaso de agua en la mano, como había de recordarlo para siempre. Santiago Nasar le contó entonces el sueño, pero ella no les puso atención a los árboles.

-Todos los sueños con pájaros son de buena salud -dijo.

Lo vio desde la misma hamaca y en la misma posición en que la encontré postrada por las últimas luces de la vejez, cuando volví a este pueblo olvidado tratando de recomponer con tantas astillas dispersas el espejo roto de la memoria. Apenas si distinguía las formas a plena luz, y tenía hojas medicinales en las sienes para el dolor de cabeza eterno que le dejó su hijo la última vez que pasó por el dormitorio. Estaba de costado, agarrada a las pitas del cabezal de la hamaca para tratar de incorporarse, y había en la penumbra el olor de bautisterio que me había sorprendido la mañana del crimen.

Apenas aparecí en el vano. de la puerta me confundió con el recuerdo de Santiago Nasar. «Ahí estaba», me dijo. «Tenía el vestido de lino blanco lavado con agua sola, porque era de piel tan delicada que no soportaba el ruido del almidón.» Estuvo un largo rato sentada en la hamaca, masticando pepas de cardamina, hasta que se le pasó la ilusión de que el hijo había vuelto. Entonces suspiró: «Fue el hombre de mi vida».

Yo lo vi en su memoria. Había cumplido 21 años la última semana de enero, y era esbelto y pálido, y tenía los párpados árabes y los cabellos rizados de su padre. Era el hijo único de un matrimonio de conveniencia que no tuvo un solo instante de felicidad, pero él parecía feliz con su padre hasta que éste murió de repente, tres años antes, y siguió pareciéndolo con la madre solitaria hasta el lunes de su muerte. De ella heredó el instinto. De su padre aprendió desde muy niño el dominio de las armas de fuego, el amor por los caballos y la maestranza de las aves de presas altas, pero de él aprendió también las buenas artes del valor y la prudencia. Hablaban en árabe entre ellos, pero no delante de Plácida Linero para que no se sintiera excluida. Nunca se les vio armados en el pueblo, y la única vez que trajeron sus halcones amaestrados fue para hacer una demostración de altanería en un bazar de caridad. La muerte de su padre lo había forzado a abandonar los estudios al término de la escuela secundaria, para hacerse cargo de la hacienda familiar. Por sus méritos propios, Santiago Nasar era alegre y pacífico, y de corazón fácil.

El día en que lo iban a matar, su madre creyó que él se había equivocado de fecha cuando lo vio vestido de blanco. «Le recordé que era lunes», me dijo. Pero él le explicó que se había vestido de pontifical por si tenía ocasión de besarle el anillo al obispo. Ella no dio ninguna muestra de interés.

-Ni siquiera se bajará del buque -le dijo-. Echará una bendición de compromiso, como siempre, y se irá por donde vino. Odia a este pueblo.

Santiago Nasar sabía que era cierto, pero los fastos de la iglesia le causaban una fascinación irresistible. «Es como el cinc», me había dicho alguna vez. A su madre, en cambio, lo único que le interesaba de la llegada del obispo era que el hijo no se fuera a mojar en la lluvia, pues lo había oído estornudar mientras dormía. Le aconsejó que

Gabriel García Márquez

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Іспанія. Crónica de una muerte anunciada

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Тексти шкільної літератури

Іспанія. Crónica de una muerte anunciada

Середня оцінка :

128 коментарів :

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для передплатників